Moreover, in some cases very different interpretations have been made on the basis of the same, or similar, data. In part, these differences reflect the inevitable uncertainties associated with the depth of the divergence between cnidarians and bilaterians. In this article, we briefly summarize the cnidarian data on gene expression and organization relevant to axis formation, the varying interpretations of these data, and where they conflict. Our conclusion is that the presently available data do not allow us to unequivocally homologize the single overt axis of cnidarians with either of the bilaterian axes. The axes and assumptions concerning their originsĪlthough still frequently described as radially symmetrical and diploblastic, there is a long-standing debate over the axes and the body layers of cnidarians and how it/they relate to those of Bilateria.
Do some modern cnidarians illustrate an evolutionary stage through which bilaterians passed on the way to becoming overtly bilateral (Boero et al. 1998 Seipel and Schmid 2005), or are they an evolutionary offshoot that evolved from an already bilateral common ancestor? The standard textbook view has been that the Cnidaria are separated from the Bilateria by two major dichotomies. Firstly, they are considered to be radial, while Bilateria are bilateral. Secondly, they are considered to be diploblastic (have two body layers) in contrast to the triploblastic Bilateria.
Further, it is commonly assumed that the oral end of Cnidaria, where the mouth lies, corresponds to the anterior end of Bilateria. Although these are widely prevalent views, none of them has gone undebated. The fossil record and the anatomy of the ancestral cnidarianīefore evaluating the textbook generalizations outlined above, there are several matters that should be considered. Firstly, the nature of the common ancestor of Cnidaria and Bilateria is still a matter of active debate the possibilities being a medusoid form (see Seipel and Schmid 2005 for a summary of arguments), a polypoid form or a planuloid form. The fossil record does not provide any guidance as to the nature of the common ancestor since the earliest known fossil assemblages, from the Neoproterozoic Ediacaran deposits, “included a mixture of stem- and crown-group radial animals, stem-group bilaterian animals, ‘failed experiments’ in animal evolution, and perhaps representatives of other eukaryotic kingdoms” (Narbonne 2005).
#OTX SHORELINE MAFIA MEANING MAC#
When the group finally made their appearance, they ripped through discography performing hype tracks such as “Nun Major,” “Musty,” and “Bands.” If you could see through the dense marijuana haze floating through the venue, you’d notice members Ohgeesy, Rob Vicious, Fenix, and Master Kato growing into their roles as the headlining act after finding themselves as supporters for the last several years.Īfter laying down an electrifying rendition of “Breakdown,” their recently released single featuring Mac P Dawg, it was clear this group would no longer find themselves on the bottom of the bill anytime soon, they were now stars, and they were shining brighter than they’d ever shine before.Secondly, there is a hypothesis, traced by Willmer ( 1990) from Haeckel ( 1874, 1875), through Hyman ( 1940) to Salvini-Plawen and Splechtna ( 1978), which proposes that cnidarians arose from a settling biradial planula with a single pair of tentacles. Their back-to-back shows at the Shrine Auditorium served as a homecoming of sorts before the group explored the expansive terrain of the United States.ĪZ Chike and R Baron hyped the crowd into a manic frenzy before Shoreline Mafia took the stage. And now, Shorline Mafia launches into a nationwide tour their calling “Still OTX,” which will see them expanding their brand with each show they play. Sensing something stirring in the streets, Atlantic Records saw dollar signs emanating from Shoreline and signed them to a major record deal, which will keep fat stacks in their wallets for several years.
After gaining a small, but loyal fanbase their single “Musty,” rocketed the group into rap music’s stratosphere while racking up over 50 million views on Youtube. Their trajectory perfectly reflects the plight of modern-day artists and musicians living in the streaming world. The Los Angeles based collective (who prefers to be called a “family”) began their grind back in 2012 and are now beginning to witness the fruits from their labor. Shoreline Mafia stormed into the Shrine Auditorium on Friday, May 3rd riding a wave most aspiring rappers and artists never experience.
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